Since I’ve only just come across this thread, I’d like to add my two cents. I know I’ll sound a bit nitpicky, but we are talking about my country, after all.
- Lombards is the wrong name.
I don’t know how native English speakers got confused, but in Italy we have 2 distinct words. The Longobards (from the Latin “Langobardi”) were the actual medieval Germanic tribe, while the Lombards are the inhabitants of the modern administrative region of Lombardy.
- Not really a conquest?
This point is highly debated. The written tradition of the Longobards (in Latin, by the way) says that they were invited to Italy, and it is impossible to know how true this is. This is because archaeological evidence shows that there was not as much destruction as reported in the propaganda-filled Byzantine chronicles. Furthermore, the Longobards moved to Italy because life was better there; they had no particular intention of looting and then fleeing.
In any case, the king of Constantinople, Justinian, opposed this, and thus began the Longobards-Byzantine wars for control of Italy and the Byzantines were defeated in 750 AD. The Pope, fearing that the Longobards would also subjugate Rome (a city completely different from that of the Empire), called upon Charlemagne, and the rest is history.
- The problem of identity.
Today we know that the Longobards who migrated numbered at most 200-250 thousand. The Italo-Romans numbered at least 3 million in comparison (although they had no desire to fight). After all, we are talking about early Christianity, a long way from the era of the Crusades. We know that many bishops prayed for coexistence between the Italo-Romans and the Longobards.
Furthermore, the concept of nationhood did not exist. If you had asked a farmer or baker what nationality he was, he would have looked at you confused, then told you he was Christian, then told you that since his master boasted of having Longobards origins, he too is a Longobards. The same case for a Roman master. This explains why the Sicilian kings write that they are fighting the Longobards in southern Italy, even though in most cases there is no longer any distinction between the Italo-Romans and the Longobards. It was the nobility who still boasted of having a Longobard or Roman ancestor.
No, the castle you mention is Italian, strictly Italian. Too recent, dating back to 1350. You have to piece together fragments of older castles, even though they have obviously been transformed over the centuries.
Kudos for the correct plural, but the problem is that “Borgo” is the Italianisation of the German word “Burg” (castle), with, among other things, a different meaning. Obviously, they did not speak Italian at that time, so either “Burg” or the Latin “Burgus” is correct. Essentially, in this historical context, the “Burgus” would be a small fortification. It is only since the 10th century that “Burgus”, now “Borgo”, has been used to refer to small fortified villages where farmers live. But the Longobards identity no longer exists; especially in the north, people are beginning to refer to themselves generically as Italians.