I think a few different discussions are being mixed together here.
First regarding the Jarl argument: my point is not that AoE2 cannot use titles or social classes as units. We already have examples such as the Boyar. However, there is a difference between a military/social class and a title belonging to an individual.
A Jarl was primarily a rank/title, essentially one of the highest-ranking nobles or regional rulers in Scandinavian society. There were not armies of Jarls fighting on the battlefield. A Boyar, on the other hand, represented a much broader elite noble-warrior class that existed throughout the Rus’ world and could more naturally translate into a military unit.
That said, this is not really the main issue. The main question should always be: does this civilization provide a distinct historical identity, military system, and gameplay experience?
Modern politics, modern borders, and modern population sizes should not determine medieval representation in Age of Empires II. The medieval world should be judged by medieval relevance.
For example, with the Eastern Slavs, I do not see Muscovites, Novgorodians, and Ruthenians as simply different names for the same thing. They all share a wider Rus’ heritage, but they developed into very different political and military entities.
Muscovy became the center of a rising northeastern Rus’ state with its own political development and military traditions.
Novgorod was a wealthy merchant republic connected to Baltic trade networks and the wider Varangian world, with a very different economy and military situation.
Ruthenia/Galicia-Volhynia represented the western Rus’ sphere, heavily interacting with Poland, Hungary, Lithuania, and Central Europe.
These are not simply modern labels. They represent different medieval worlds, with different economies, enemies, political structures, and warfare. That is exactly the type of distinction that can create unique AoE2 civilizations.
The same logic applies elsewhere. The Scandinavians shared many similarities, but I think a Norse and Danish split can work because they represent different historical focuses. Norse can represent the Viking-era Scandinavian world, while Danes can represent the Danish kingdom, Baltic expansion, and later medieval Danish power.
The larger point is that civilization additions should not be decided by modern politics or by trying to create a perfect representation map of the modern world. The criteria should be historical impact, distinct identity, and gameplay potential.
At the same time, I do think every region deserves consideration. However, the standards need to remain consistent. If the criteria becomes simply “this people existed during the timeframe,” then the list becomes endless.
If we start adding every historically existing group, then we also have to discuss countless smaller European, Asian, African, and Middle Eastern political entities that existed during the same period. The Middle Ages contained thousands of identities, but not all of them translate into a full AoE2 civilization.
This is why I think the focus should remain on civilizations that had a distinct political structure, military tradition, historical narrative, and gameplay identity.
For example, adding civilizations such as the Mississippians or Iroquois could be interesting from a historical perspective, but the question is whether they fit the same civilization design standards as the existing AoE2 roster. Their societies developed in very different ways compared to the large state civilizations of Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia, which had centuries of recorded warfare, competing kingdoms, professional armies, and evolving military systems.
That does not mean they are unimportant. It means the same criteria should apply to everyone.
Otherwise, we could justify adding every smaller political entity that existed in Europe, Asia, or elsewhere, many of which had far greater direct influence on medieval geopolitics and warfare.
AoE2 is not a census of every people who existed. It is a historical strategy game where civilizations need to provide interesting stories, unique gameplay, and meaningful differences from one another.
That should be the standard regardless of region.